This guide has been prepared by the Zetland Financial Group Limited and is intended for the information of clients or prospective clients. As such, it is designed to provide general information about Investment Structures for China. The information set out is not, nor is it intended to be, exhaustive. Such information does not purport to be and is not legal, tax or other professional advice. Our aim has been to provide a broad overview. We will be pleased to offer more comprehensive and specific professional advice to individual clients depending on the situation.BackgroundChina has a poplualtion of more than 1.3 billion and covers an area of 9.6 million square kilometres. It is divided into 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 Central Government municipalities, and two Special Administrative Regions (Hong Kong and Macau). The Chinese coastline is 18 thousand kilometres long with many commercial harbours. Early foreign investments, as a result of government policy, focused on the coastal provinces but increasingly the advantages of other provinces and inland cities are being discovered.Central Government MunicipalitiesBeijing the capital of China and the country's political, cultural and tourist centre, covers an area of 16,808 square kilometres with a population of 13.6 million. Beijing has the largest number and the most prestigious institutions of higher education and scientific research in the country. There are 73 institutions of higher learning in the city. At the end of 2003, there were more than 274,000 persons engaged in scientific activities. This strength in human capital is expected to help development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei economic region.The service sector is now the largest sector in Beijing. In 2003, it accounted for 61.5% of the city’s GDP. Banking and insurance and social services are the two biggest sectors, accounting for 14.7% and 10.0% for the city’s GDP respectively. Further development and upgrading of the services sector is one of the policy objectives of Beijing’s 10th Five-year Plan, especially in information technology services, financial services, transportation and tourism.Chongqing the largest automonous municipality, has a total area of 82,400 square kilometres and a population of 31 million. The establishment of Chongqing municipality represents a major breakthrough of China’s initiatives to speed up economic development in the central and western regions. The Yangtze River’s Three Gorges Project will be very important in the development of Chongqing’s economy.Shanghai the most advanced and developed commercial and financial center of China, has a total area of 6,300 square kilometres with a population of 16.7 million. Shanghai contributes 5.3% of the nation’s GDP and 8% of the nation’s total industrial output value. Shanghai has China’s largest container port, which handled 11.3 million TEUs during the period of Jan-Nov 2004.Shanghai plays a leading role in China’s heavy industries and is a national leader in the production of chemical fibres, ethylene, cars, power generating equipment and personal computers. The six key industries of Shanghai are automobiles, petrochemicals and fine chemical, iron and steel, equipment, biomedicine, and electronic information.Tianjin has a total area of 11,919 square kilometres and a population of 10 million. Tianjin is an integral part of the Pan Bohai Bay Economic Zone, which is one of the three biggest economic zones in China. Tianjin has undergone rapid development growing at an average rate of 11.6% over the last 6 years.Tianjin Port, as the largest commercial port in North China, boasts China’s biggest containerised cargo dock. It handled 162 million-ton cargos in 2003. Tianjin International Airport is the largest cargo freight center in China. The city is well connected to other major cities by railroads and expressways.Tianjin is an important industrial center in northern China. Gross industrial output reached RMB 437.1 billion in 2003, ranked third after Shanghai and Shenzhen. Tianjin’s key industries include electronics, automobiles, metallurgy and petrochemicals.North Eastern RegionThe north eastern region include three provinces: Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Liaoning. The total area is amount to 800,000 square kilometres with population over 100 million. The growth rate of 9.2% is above the average rate but lower than other coastal provinces.Coastal ProvincesThe major coastal provinces running from north to south are Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian and Guangdong. Guangdong province is the most developed and international thanks to Shenzhen and Hong Kong.Hebei has a total area of 187,700 sq.km, with total population of 67 million. Hebei province includes the Jing-Jin-Ji (Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei) Economic Region and the Bohai Bay Economic Region. Hebei’s GDP ranked the first in northern China and the fourth among all provinces and municipalities.Hebei is a major agricultural base in China with gross output value of agriculture ranked third in the country. In 2003, Hebei’s value-added industrial output totaled RMB180.2 billion. Leading industries in Hebei include smelting and pressing of ferrous metals; production and supply of electric power and heat; non-metal mineral products; petroleum and natural gas; chemicals; textiles and coal mining.Shandong lies in the Bohai Bay economic region. It spans a total area of 156,700 sq km, with total population around 90 million. It is China’s second most populous province.Major cities include Jinan, Qingdao, Yantai, Zibo, Weihai, Weifang, Dongying, Rizhao (collectively known as group of cities in Shandong peninsula). They represent 64.5% of Shandong’s GDP and are fast growing. In particular, Qingdao and Yantai are two of the largest ports in China.Shandong is endowed with rich mineral, agricultural and marine resources. It is the birthplace of Confucius and has many historic sites. Thus its tourism is well developed. Primary and tertiary industries are prosperous.Shandong is the 3rd largest industrial production base in China, after Guangdong and Jiangsu. Value-added of industrial output reached RMB470.1 billion in 2003, up 20.7% from 2002. Shandong is rich in natural resources, particularly oil and coal therefore the excavating and energy industry is strong. It has the second largest oil field (Shengli Oil Field) in China. Its output of crude oil accounts for 15.7% of the national total, after Heilongjiang. In its southern part, collieries cover a large area, whose production accounts for 8.8% of the national total, after Shanxi.Jiangsu is located at the eastern part of the Yangtze River Delta, next to Shanghai. It has a nearly 1,000km long coastline. Jiangsu has a total area of 102,600 square kilometres, with a population of 74 million. Jiangsu’s GDP ranks second in China, since 1993 accounting for more than 10% of the national total. The southern Jiangsu area, which is part of the Yangtze River Delta economic region is the province’s economic hub, accounting for 62.8% of Jiangsu’s GDP in 2004. The southern Jiangsu area covers 5 cities – Suzhou, Wuxi, Changzhou, Nanjing and Zhenjiang.Although a bastion of heavy industry, In recent years, Jiangsu is moving towards the development of new and high technology products. For instance, Suzhou is the main destination of Taiwan’s investment in the mainland mainly in high technology industry. Jiangsu pays much attention to three hi-tech industries — IT, new material and heavy petrochemical, and new medicine. Jiangsu has now become an important IT manufacturing base. Many Taiwanese and international IT manufacturers are attracted to invest in Kunshan and Wujiang for its proximity to Shanghai, yet it is cheaper relatively than Shanghai in land and labour costs.As one of the smallest provinces, Zhejiang has a total area of 101,800 square kilometres and its total population is around 45 million. The northeastern Zhejiang area is part of the Yangtze River Delta metropolitan region and is the province’s economic hub. It covers 6 cities / counties - Hangzhou, Ningbo, Jiaxing, Huzhou, Shaoxing, Zhoushan. Zhejiang has one of the longest coastlines in the country, and has excellent sea / river transport e.g. Ningbo is one of the largest ports in China.Zhejiang is the fourth largest industrial production base in China after Guangdong, Jiangsu and Shandong. Industries in the northeastern region are more developed than that in the southwestern region. Major industrial production bases are Hangzhou, Ningbo, Wenzhou, Jiaxing, Huzhou, Shaoxing, Jinhua, Quzhou, Zhoushan, Taizhou and Lishui.Fujian is located in the south eastern coastal area along the Taiwan Straits, opposite to Taiwan. It has a total area of 121,400 square kilometres with a population of 34 million. The Southeast Fujian area, consists five cities and counties -- Fuzhou, Xiamen, Putian, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou. Xiamen is a Special Economic Zone and the economic hub of Fujian.Light industry is well developed. Leading industries in Fujian include electronics and telecommunications, machinery and equipment, textiles and garment, food, leather and electric power. Paper, watches and clocks, cans, leather shoes and bags, furniture and crafts are major products, each ranking the top three in the nation.Guangdong has a total area of 179,756 square kilometres with a population of 90 million. The Pearl River Delta (PRD) Economic Zone is the province's economic hub, accounting for 80% of Guangdong's GDP. The PRD Economic Zone covers 14 cities and counties -- Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Zhuhai (both Special Economic Zones), Foshan, Jiangmen, Dongguan, Zhongshan, Huizhou city, Huiyang county, Huidong county, Poluo county, Zhaoqing city, Gaoyao and Sihui.Guangdong's economy has led China in many ways:The largest GDP among all provinces and municipalities, accounting for 11.7% of the national total.The highest industrial output value among all provinces and municipalities, accounting for about 13% of the national total.The largest export value among all provinces and municipalities, accounting for 32.3% of the national total.The largest retail sales value of consumer goods which accounted for about 12% of the national total.Guangdong's manufacturing industries have developed rapidly as a result of foreign investment, particularly in the PRD Economic Zone. It is noteworthy that Guangdong is a major export-processing base for foreign investors mainly from Hong Kong and Taiwan. Cities that have the largest industrial production include Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Dongguan, Foshan, Huizhou, Jiangmen and Zhuhai.Guangdong is strong at light manufacturing industry. Output of light industries used to account for over half of the province's total industrial output. Major products include electrical appliances such as television sets, electrical fans and refrigerators, and other consumer products like garments, bicycles, toys, shoes and electronics. Exports of most of these products rank the highest in China. In recent years, Guangdong's has been moving towards heavy, new and high technology industries including chip fabrication and aerospace.Other ProvincesFor the past ten years China first tried to open up the entrance of coastline provinces as a so called “try out point policy”, and the result turned out to be tremendously fruitful. Now other inland local province governments are mirroring the success with central government’s help. Many major public infrastructures projects are now permitted to have direct foreign investments, which was impossible in the past. Many other advances and even tax break incentives are provided to foreign investors for investing in specific areas.Structures for InvestmentsIt is reasonably complicated for a foreign firm to setup a business in China. The three typical methods of doing so are Representative Offices, Wholly Foreign Owned Enterprises and Joint Ventures. The regulations, tax treatment, business categories, and requirements for each type of business are different. These differences are not only limited to the types of business, but are also specific to each province, city and sometimes district.The general information below is intended to give a general idea of the major holding structures but detailed advice is necessary since each case is different. Zetland has years of experience in helping clients to start operations in China and is able to further assist. Zetland also has an extensive network of professional advisers to tap into in China.Representative OfficeAs the name suggests, this type of entity is set up for representing the parent company in China. It is the easiest and most cost-effective method to establish an initial presence in China. Foreign enterprises can set up one or more representative office in high profile cities, such as Shanghai, Beijing, Shenzhen, Guangzhou, and Tianjin.Representative offices are permitted to conduct non-profit making activities, such as liaison with clients, market research, quality control, technology exchange, marketing and sales administration, etc. Representative offices are not permitted to conduct any profit making activities in China.Applicants for setting up a representative office must show a record of being legally registered in their home jurisdiction for at least 12 months. The documents filed with the licensing authority must be translated into the Chinese language. A set of corporate documents has to be notarised, apostilled and authenticated by a China Embassy.Depending on the province, city and/or district, taxation of the representative office is assessed on declared expenses at the rate of 7% - 10%. The funds for the representative office must be transferred directly from the parent company.Wholly Foreign Owned EnterpriseA Wholly Foreign Owned Enterprise (“WFOE”) is the most popular choice for the foreign company seeking to do business in the fields of international trading, manufacturing, processing, assembling or other profit making activities.A WFOE is a Chinese limited liability company which is established with 100% foreign capital and is, therefore totally under the foreign investors’ control. The registered capital may be paid up through a combination of equipment and cash. A WFOE's operations, including what it can or cannot do, capital structure, financial and accounting practices are governed by the articles of association. The minimum registered share capital, which has to be paid up within the initial twelve months of operations, is normally US$140,000. The amount depends on the nature of the WFOE’s business and the registered share capital can be significantly higher for certain heavily regulated areas of business.The tax rate for WFOE varies based largely on where it is registered. Generally, a WFOE is subject to a business tax of 5% for selling goods or services in China. A rate between 15% - 33% on profits tax will be charged by the provincial and city governments.Many cities in China now offer incentives via special economic and free trade zones to WFOEs primarily engaged in exporting and re-exporting. These zones usually provide attractive tax breaks to encourage foreign investment. The rates and terms are usually different from zone to zone and city to city. Certain areas of business, such as high technology, manufacturing and agriculture are favoured.For companies seeking to access the local market, it is important to know that the Chinese government defines foreign goods and services under three categories: “encouraged”, “limited” and “prohibited”. Each has its own requirements and regulations that guide the activities of the WFOE. In addition, it is important to mention that China’s internal reform of the legal, financial, accounting and tax standards is an ongoing and often confusing process that is evolving to meet World Trade Organisation requirements.Joint VentureA Joint Venture is a legal entity in China that is usually composed of two parties: foreign investor(s) and Chinese investor(s). This business arrangement is usually set up by equity or cooperative methods. The main difference between Equity Joint Ventures and Cooperative Joint Ventures is the allocation of profits. The Cooperative Joint Venture offers more flexibility than the Equity Joint Venture.The Chinese government favours and encourages this form of arrangement for obtaining advanced technology, modern administration and management skills. In return, foreign investors are able to access the Chinese market and enjoy low labour and production costs.A Joint Venture may be more suitable for business activities deemed “limited” and “prohibited” by the Chinese government. These include, but are not limited to, restaurants, bars, construction, car production and cosmetics. These types of business activities would NOT be approved as WFOEs by the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation.How Zetland Can HelpAlthough China has developed greatly in the past 30 years doing business there can often be confusing, frustrating and damaging to one’s financial well-being should experiences and competent professional advice not be obtained. Zetland is based in Hong Kong – still the premier gateway to China and has a team of experienced locals who are fluent in Mandarin. Zetland maintains a liaison office in Shanghai and executives travel frequently throughout the country. Zetland can enlist the help of many professionals including lawyers, accountants, real estate agents and marketing experts. Of particular note is Zetland’s sister human resources company – Gemini Personnel which has offices in Shanghai, Beijing and Guangzhou providing recruitment of permanent and temporary staff.
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วันอังคารที่ 27 มกราคม พ.ศ. 2552
Guide to Investment Structures for China
The Differences Between How Parents and Society Teach Boys and Girls Financial Awareness
With a divorce rate of around 50% and many people not marrying until they are in their thirties, it is surprising to find that there are still many women who aren’t financially educated. Most of this can be traced back to two factors: upbringing at home and society. In both cases, boys have often been given much more training and many more resources than girls have and the effects are damaging women financially today as they face a world in which they have to take care of monetary issues on their own but have never developed the skills to do so.The Safe, Secure 1950’sIn the 1950’s most women quickly married and settled down to raise families. Very few of them worked outside the home, and finances were handled by the men. It was a financially prosperous time and women were expected to focus on the home and child-rearing. This focus on home-making was passed on to daughters while sons were groomed to the “breadwinners” of the family.The obvious separation between girls and boys activities also managed to keep girls “sheltered” from financial concerns. They weren’t expected to pay for anything on a date and parents didn’t often expect them to hold down jobs. Boys, on the other hand, were expected to get a job at a young age, even if it was merely a paper route. The expectation was that a young man needed to “take on some responsibility” and “contribute.”As the generation raised in the 1950’s grew up and raised families of their own, they passed on the financial biases that had been instilled in them to their own children. Many of today’s parents have made the same mistakes their own mothers and fathers did, ignoring the obvious need for women to understand and learn to handle their own finances in favor of hoping that their daughters wouldn’t have to face the harsh financial facts of life.The belief that men would take care of women’s financial needs was so ingrained that many of the “big picture” financial lessons were overlooked. Women tended to learn how to shop for bargains at the grocery store, stretch the budget at the holidays and that was about it. More complex lessons such as long-term investments, retirement planning and stock portfolio development were not a part of the picture.Boys learned how to manage their money, save for a rainy day, and make smart investments and a host of other financial strategies. Play and School Contribute to Gender GapInterestingly, boys more than girls tend to develop habits that are more geared toward understanding numbers and how they relate to finances from a very young age. While girls tend to be “collectors,” says Joline Godfrey, founder of Independent Means, “boys develop informal economies based on relative value from the age of six on while trading cards and other items. By the time boys start trading stocks and bonds, it’s just another form of the game.” Independent Means is a company which promotes economic independence and growth for girls and women aged 14 to 24.Even in school settings, boys are rewarded more consistently for being risk-takers, and investing is often perceived as a risky venture. Girls aren’t encouraged to take risks and aren’t rewarded for these types of behaviors and instead are likely to be cautioned to be careful. When faced with the prospect of learning about investing in the stock market or learning about retirement options, these same girls – now women – are more fearful of making decisions and less sure of themselves in making choices for themselves.Statistics Show Gender BiasA recent survey showed some startling discrepancies even today between teenage boys and girls and how much education they have received in the very basics of finance. Some of the findings include:• Many more teenage boys than girls report understanding of how to write a check and how a credit card works, including accrued interest.• Teenage girls are much more likely to be in debt than boys, with almost 50% reporting credit card debt as opposed to less than a quarter of teen boys having any debt.• Girls are more likely to report that learning about investing is boring, while boys report a real interest in learning about it. When asked to elaborate, girls often pointed out that this wasn’t something they would be doing in the future, while boys indicated that it was important to learn so that they could be successful.The perception that girls shouldn’t have to worry about their financial future in the long term (based upon the faulty premise that a man will take care of her or that she can hire a financial consultant to handle all of the boring stuff) is still present in many homes. Fortunately, the balance is beginning to shift as more parents realize that women who are successful in their careers must also be able to guide their own financial futures, not rely on others to do it for them. Programs Aim at Closing the GapToday’s girls are more likely to learn how to handle money at a young age. Cautionary tales in the news and on talk shows about women left destitute and the fear that social security can no longer support an individual in their golden years has, perhaps, contributed to this. After all, with most women outliving their spouses and more than half of women divorced, it’s likely that today’s girls will be supporting themselves in their retirement years – understanding Roth IRAs suddenly becomes very important.Companies and organizations are also stepping to the forefront with programs designed to educate teens in general and girls in particular. Boys and Girls Clubs of America, in collaboration with Charles Schwab, offer Money Matters: Make It Count programs in cities across the country. Visa works with Girl Scouts of the USA to provide two resources, the Cashin’ In workbook and the Makin’ Cents web game, to teach girls aged 13-17 financial responsibility. The web game specifically challenges players to find real-world solutions for characters’ financial challenges. With such programs increasingly popular and the need for women to understand finances now a hot topic, it’s to be hoped that this generation of fathers will teach their daughters as much about finance as they teach their sons.Carrie Carter:Author of: Think Your Way to Riches Kids’ StyleFor more information or to arrange an interview with Carrie Carter at 810.252.2281e-mail: carrie114cr@aol.com or visit: www.ThinkYourWayToRichesKidsStyle.com
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วันจันทร์ที่ 26 มกราคม พ.ศ. 2552
Four Hot Panoramic Spots in Paris
In this article, Paris expert Phil Chavanne selects four elevated spots from which Paris can be best viewed.To my friends who take the trip to Paris I always recommend to 'look up while walking'. Paris should not be visited at eye level only; there is much to be seen upstairs, just like in New York City. Climb to an elevated position, and you've got yet another view of the French capital. A number of apartment buildings located on the Montmartre hill and in the nineteenth district offer panoramic views from their highest floors, but supply is short and not everyone can secure a temporary dwelling place with a million-dollar view. So I picked four easy-to-access vantage points from where to admire the Parisian panorama. Some are self-obvious, others are not as well known. All are yours for the enjoyment.Granted, some of these spots were obvious picks. But I bet you don't know a couple of them. Here is the story.The Montparnasse TowerThe Montparnasse Tower is my first pick. As a matter of fact, it is one of the best man-made elevations you can get for the money in Paris.The construction of the Montparnasse Tower started in 1958 and was completed in 1972 after a much heated public debate. Just like the Louvre Pyramid, and the Beaubourg Museum of Modern Art, the building of the skyscraper sparked two decades of furious controversy. The Montparnasse area used to be a small, quaint village, and the locals didn't like the idea of having a 210-meter high structure disfigure their landscape.The huge anthracite structure towers over the Montparnasse train station, and stands at the upper end of Rue de Rennes (Rennes St.). Because it was built off-axis, the Tower gracefully avoids closing the long perspective which connects Montparnasse to the St-Germain-des-Pres district. Thank the architects for their vision.The Montparnasse Tower counts 59 floors crowned by a terrace which is accessible by helicopter. One of its 25 elevators is the fastest in Europe: it will take you to the top floor in 38 seconds flat. There is a bar on the 56th floor where you can enjoy the view sheltered from the wind.Eiffel TowerOK, that one was so self-obvious, it's puzzling why I even picked it. Never mind, I like this spot as it is undoubtedly the best vantage point to view 360? of Paris. Just a few facts: the Eiffel Tower is 324-meter high (including flagpole). Its first floor stands at 57 meters above the Seine, its second floor at 116 meters. It is 117-year old, and weighs 'only' 10,100 metric tons, concrete footing included.Two elevators access both floors every 8 minutes. Note that this is without counting the time you spend waiting in line, since the Eiffel Tower is visited by about 6 million people each year (that means, an average 22-minute wait to enter the structure). If you have a taste for sport, take the stairs: 1665 steps to the very top - though this figure is a bit misleading since access to the third floor by stairs is restricted.The first and second floors are home to two restaurants: Altitude 95, and Le Jules Verne, respectively. Both offer a rewarding dining experience. Circling each floor, a map points to the monuments around you. I advise you to take a windbreaker with you; there is practically no obstacle on the platforms to shield you from the chilly wind.Arch of TriumphThis vantage spot isn't just as well known as Mr. Eiffel's tower. Yet, it offers a very interesting panoramic view of Paris.Commissioned in 1806 by French dictator Napoleon the 1st, the Roman-style structure was completed in 1836 under King Louis-Philippe. Its four pillars display the names of French military victories, and its base shelters the final resting place of an unknown French soldier who died on the killing fields of Eastern France during WWI.The structure is hollow, and can be visited. The ticket booth is located under the plaza on which the Arch is built. It can be accessed at the end of a tunnel opening at the upper end of the Champs Elysees Avenue. Taking the tunnel is a much safer option than trying to cross the traffic-laden plaza on foot. The entrance door opens into one of the two pillars facing the Champs Elysees Avenue. Several flights of stairs will lead you to the top of the Arch, which towers above the twelve avenues emanating from the star-shaped Place de l'Etoile. Inside the Arch, a small museum describes how it was built.Telegraph Street, Belleville ParkI bet you didn't know this one! Who ever heard of the Belleville Highs? Mind you, this area is quite interesting, and it offers a good panoramic view of Paris.The highest natural elevation in Paris stands at 40 Rue du Telegraphe (40 Telegraph St.), where the Belleville Cemetery has its entrance. The street took its name after French inventor Claude Chappe. He had picked the 128-meter high spot to set up his 'tachygraph', a precursor of the telegraph. Just down from Telegraph St., the nearby neighborhood is dubbed "Hauts de Belleville", or "Belleville Highs". Belleville (literally "beautiful town") used to be an independent commune built on a hill outside Paris until 1860. Though the renovation of the district has been underway since the end of the 80's, Belleville buildings still illustrate the conditions in which the poor and the working class lived in the early part of the twentieth century. Some streets of the area aren't very safe at night; I advise you to tour the area in broad daylight.The best vantage point of the district is the Belleville Park which was opened in 1988. This expanse of land is tucked between Rue des Couronnes, Rue Piat, Rue Jouy-Rouve, and Rue Julien-Lacroix. Its grassy slopes extend all the way to the bottom of the hill. The park features The Air Museum, which offers its visitors a full explanation of how pollution affects our daily lives. Tourists can follow the guided tour in English.A last comment in regards to the Telegraph Road: visit the area on Wednesdays and Saturdays, and you will do your grocery shopping at the local fresh produce market, between 7 am and 2:30 pm.
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Four Hot Panoramic Spots in Paris
In this article, Paris expert Phil Chavanne selects four elevated spots from which Paris can be best viewed.To my friends who take the trip to Paris I always recommend to 'look up while walking'. Paris should not be visited at eye level only; there is much to be seen upstairs, just like in New York City. Climb to an elevated position, and you've got yet another view of the French capital. A number of apartment buildings located on the Montmartre hill and in the nineteenth district offer panoramic views from their highest floors, but supply is short and not everyone can secure a temporary dwelling place with a million-dollar view. So I picked four easy-to-access vantage points from where to admire the Parisian panorama. Some are self-obvious, others are not as well known. All are yours for the enjoyment.Granted, some of these spots were obvious picks. But I bet you don't know a couple of them. Here is the story.The Montparnasse TowerThe Montparnasse Tower is my first pick. As a matter of fact, it is one of the best man-made elevations you can get for the money in Paris.The construction of the Montparnasse Tower started in 1958 and was completed in 1972 after a much heated public debate. Just like the Louvre Pyramid, and the Beaubourg Museum of Modern Art, the building of the skyscraper sparked two decades of furious controversy. The Montparnasse area used to be a small, quaint village, and the locals didn't like the idea of having a 210-meter high structure disfigure their landscape.The huge anthracite structure towers over the Montparnasse train station, and stands at the upper end of Rue de Rennes (Rennes St.). Because it was built off-axis, the Tower gracefully avoids closing the long perspective which connects Montparnasse to the St-Germain-des-Pres district. Thank the architects for their vision.The Montparnasse Tower counts 59 floors crowned by a terrace which is accessible by helicopter. One of its 25 elevators is the fastest in Europe: it will take you to the top floor in 38 seconds flat. There is a bar on the 56th floor where you can enjoy the view sheltered from the wind.Eiffel TowerOK, that one was so self-obvious, it's puzzling why I even picked it. Never mind, I like this spot as it is undoubtedly the best vantage point to view 360? of Paris. Just a few facts: the Eiffel Tower is 324-meter high (including flagpole). Its first floor stands at 57 meters above the Seine, its second floor at 116 meters. It is 117-year old, and weighs 'only' 10,100 metric tons, concrete footing included.Two elevators access both floors every 8 minutes. Note that this is without counting the time you spend waiting in line, since the Eiffel Tower is visited by about 6 million people each year (that means, an average 22-minute wait to enter the structure). If you have a taste for sport, take the stairs: 1665 steps to the very top - though this figure is a bit misleading since access to the third floor by stairs is restricted.The first and second floors are home to two restaurants: Altitude 95, and Le Jules Verne, respectively. Both offer a rewarding dining experience. Circling each floor, a map points to the monuments around you. I advise you to take a windbreaker with you; there is practically no obstacle on the platforms to shield you from the chilly wind.Arch of TriumphThis vantage spot isn't just as well known as Mr. Eiffel's tower. Yet, it offers a very interesting panoramic view of Paris.Commissioned in 1806 by French dictator Napoleon the 1st, the Roman-style structure was completed in 1836 under King Louis-Philippe. Its four pillars display the names of French military victories, and its base shelters the final resting place of an unknown French soldier who died on the killing fields of Eastern France during WWI.The structure is hollow, and can be visited. The ticket booth is located under the plaza on which the Arch is built. It can be accessed at the end of a tunnel opening at the upper end of the Champs Elysees Avenue. Taking the tunnel is a much safer option than trying to cross the traffic-laden plaza on foot. The entrance door opens into one of the two pillars facing the Champs Elysees Avenue. Several flights of stairs will lead you to the top of the Arch, which towers above the twelve avenues emanating from the star-shaped Place de l'Etoile. Inside the Arch, a small museum describes how it was built.Telegraph Street, Belleville ParkI bet you didn't know this one! Who ever heard of the Belleville Highs? Mind you, this area is quite interesting, and it offers a good panoramic view of Paris.The highest natural elevation in Paris stands at 40 Rue du Telegraphe (40 Telegraph St.), where the Belleville Cemetery has its entrance. The street took its name after French inventor Claude Chappe. He had picked the 128-meter high spot to set up his 'tachygraph', a precursor of the telegraph. Just down from Telegraph St., the nearby neighborhood is dubbed "Hauts de Belleville", or "Belleville Highs". Belleville (literally "beautiful town") used to be an independent commune built on a hill outside Paris until 1860. Though the renovation of the district has been underway since the end of the 80's, Belleville buildings still illustrate the conditions in which the poor and the working class lived in the early part of the twentieth century. Some streets of the area aren't very safe at night; I advise you to tour the area in broad daylight.The best vantage point of the district is the Belleville Park which was opened in 1988. This expanse of land is tucked between Rue des Couronnes, Rue Piat, Rue Jouy-Rouve, and Rue Julien-Lacroix. Its grassy slopes extend all the way to the bottom of the hill. The park features The Air Museum, which offers its visitors a full explanation of how pollution affects our daily lives. Tourists can follow the guided tour in English.A last comment in regards to the Telegraph Road: visit the area on Wednesdays and Saturdays, and you will do your grocery shopping at the local fresh produce market, between 7 am and 2:30 pm.
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Age Is No Challenge To Owners Of True Blue Coffee Roasters
A large yellow coffee roaster hummed while she checked the temperature of the gourmet beans roasting inside. "Almost there, but not quite yet", she said to me as I sat looking puzzled at the machine. "After a year of this you would think I would be tired of it, but I'm not, I absolutely love it", she continued.She is Linda Keller, co-owner of True Blue Coffee Roasters located in Old Fields, West Virginia. At an age when most people are looking forward to retirement, this sixty three year old girl is just getting her next wind. She buzzes around the room with the energy of a person half her age. When she sits down for a moment, I seize my chance to ask her a question.My question seems to stun her for a second. "At your age, what made you decide to try and open a gourmet coffee business?" She hesitates for a second and replies, "At your age? You should never begin a question for a lady with 'at your age?...'" She smiles and I realize she isn't angry. After a brief pause she continues, "For twenty five years I worked at my fathers garage and service station. When we closed it, I quickly came to the conclusion that I wasn't going to sit at home waiting for the dust to collect. I knew I wanted to do something, I just didn't know exactly what. When Rick asked me about joining him in opening an Organic Fair Trade coffee roasting business, I jumped at the chance."Rick would be Rick Smith. He is her brother and another co-owner of True Blue Coffee Roasters. When I pose the same question to him, he is more succinct in his answer. "I fail to see how age enters into the equation." I wait for him to expound, but he just sits there smiling. He lifts his coffee cup to his mouth and takes a big swallow. "Ah, this is what it is all about", he sighs gently. I've learned that to be successful, you need to do what you love, and do it better than anyone else. I love coffee, so it seemed a natural fit for me to open a coffee roasting business."There is a knock at the door and Rick excuses himself for a moment. When he returns, he is accompanied by a small unassuming woman, who greets me with a smile. "This is Betsy O'Neal, she is our other business partner", he explains. She quickly fixes herself a cup of coffee and joins our discussion."Rick took me with him to a CoffeeFest convention in DC", she says. "After looking and seeing all that was available, and what we could do, I was hooked.""Actually, it was Betsy and Rob (Rick's partner) that came up with the idea to roast and sell coffee", Rick interjects. "I had bought a small home roaster that only roasted two ounces of beans at a time. They wanted to roast coffee and sell it locally as a small side job. After some research, we realized there wasn't any reason to do it small. There are a lot of roasters out there, but very few that are committed to Organic Fair Trade coffees.""Is that what makes your company different from other roasters?" I ask him. "One of the things, yes", he replies. "We only roast and sell Organic and Fair Trade Coffees. The benefits of organic foods are well known, but not a lot of people understand the concept of Fair Trade. We took on the mission of also educating consumers about the benefits of Fair Trade."Asked to explain some of those benefits, he continues. "First and foremost, FairTrade coffees guarantee a fair price for the small coffee farmers around the world. Some of the smaller farms have some of the most outstanding coffee you will drink. Without the aid of Fair Trade practices, they would be unable to compete with the larger coffee plantations and get those coffees to market. Secondly, Fair Trade practices lend to sustainable agriculture. When the farmers are able to sustain their crops year after year, the consumer is guaranteed consistently great coffee. It might cost a little more for us to buy our green coffee beans from Fair Trade farms and co-ops, but we know the benefits for the farmers, and the consumers, make it worthwhile."I ask them if there is anything that sets them apart from their competition. "Oh yes", Linda answers. "We also wanted to show that a business can be run with great ethics and practices, and still be successful. We are completely open and honest with our clients and customers. All of us believe that honesty is the only way to go."Rick refreshes everyone's coffee and we move outside to a deck. I am awestruck by the view around us. Mountains reach into the sky and fields seem to flow on for miles. "This view is what inspired our Mountain Morning Breakfast Blend", he explains. "The sun peeking over those mountains in the morning, and then setting on that range over there in the evening is just magical and inspirational.""Tell me about the name", I inquire. "How did you come up with 'True Blue Coffee Roasters'?""That was a group effort", Betsy explains. "We threw around a lot of suggestions. Finally, we decided we should call ourselves what we were. We all think of ourselves as True Blue Americans. We are all patriotic and love our country. With everything that is going on now, we wanted to show pride in being American. In fact, that is why we recently donated and shipped our gourmet coffee to the troops in Afghanistan. True Blue Americans take care of other True Blue Americans."Outside of the gourmet coffee business all three like to remain busy. Betsy, who is 65, is in the middle of her certification to become a clinical psychologist. Rick, at 53, is the Executive Director of a multi-county social services agency. An aspiring artist, Linda likes to keep busy painting and taking care of her grandchildren. "The grandchildren are the hope of the future", Linda says. "I love having them for the weekend. It gives my husband and myself time to bond with them, and maybe even hand a little wisdom down to them.""Other than work, what do you like to do for fun?" I question them.Betsy looks diminutively over her coffee cup and replies, I'm an artist as well. My passion lies in stained glass, though. I like to paint too, but my real passion is stained glass."Rick sighs out loud. "What does that mean?" I ask him."It means that between my job and the coffee business I don't exactly have a lot of down time. But when I do, I like to read. Nothing to me is better than a good book. Reading keeps your mind sharp, and it takes you away to all kind of fantastical places", he explains.Finally I ask them what advice they would give to people reading this article. They sit silent for a moment, as if pondering some profound philosophical answer. They look at each other, each waiting for the other to speak. Finally, Linda breaks the silence. "Fear is the great crippler. Don't let fear stand in your way of achieving anything you wish for. Starting this business was frightening. It was new and we had so much to learn. I was scared, but I was even more excited. When you really want something, don't let fear stop you.""In life, you take a lot of wrong turns. Don't get upset about it. Learn to revel in the things you didn't expect. Learn from it, and then get back on track", Betsy adds.Spending an afternoon with these three has had more of an effect on me than I would have imagined when I first got here. That evening driving home, the air seemed clearer, the evening sun a bit brighter, and this middle-aged man felt young again. Rick, Betsy, and Linda: three people out to change the world, with their exuberance and passion on display, I think they just might do it.True Blue Coffee Roasters can be found on the web at http://www.trueblueroasters.com
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9 Secrets to Making Laser-Accurate Financial Decisions
Making top notch financial decisions is the goal of all good managers. Unlock these secrets to make a start on this processs today.Secret #1. Think Widely on Options to Solve the ProblemIt is a waste of your time if you make decisions without canvassing ALL the options. How can the business be served well if you haven't bothered to think of all the ways to solve your financial problem?For example, if you are required to find a replacement for an ageing computer system or factory plant item, what options would you think were available? What questions would you ask? - Replace with a comparable item?- Repair, upgrade, refurbish or maintain the current item?- Purchase new/second-hand item with more capacity and increased output?- Will the customers still be there for the outputs of the new equipment over its life?- Will the company's direction still provide a need for this asset over its life?- What are competitors likely to be doing during the life of the asset?- Will the cost of the new equipment price the product out of the market?Secret #2. Think Outside the Box Now that you have thought of good questions it's time to apply some creative thinking processes to them in order to get the best answers.There are many tools for creative thinking available. Just go to your favorite search engine and type in "creative thinking" for a host of suggestions. Some commonly used ones are:- Brainstorming- Plus Minus Interesting (PMI)- "Six Thinking Hats"- S.C.A.M.P.E.R.- Lateral Thinking- Random InputEnter any of these into the search engine for an explanation of the terms.Also you can also gain some real insights by listening to dissenters in your company or other outsiders. They may just have the key that will make your decisions a lot easier and generate more profits for the company. Do not forget to include their ideas.These tools are designed to provide you with many answers to your questionsSecret #3. Gather ALL the Data, In order to make a successful financial decision you will need as much data as you can use effectively. You will need to quantify the costs and benefits so that a rational decision can be made easily. The best way to do this is to convert them all to dollars. This will make it easier to assess competing options.Some Costs to Consider:- Installation of new equipment- Removal of current equipment- Downtime costs e.g. lost orders, increased stocking costs, extra labor to catch up with customer orders- Training costs for new equipment- New maintenance costs- Capital costs- Tendering costs, purchasing costs, - Initial transport costsSome Benefits to Consider:- Less wastage- Less labor input- Less resource inputs- Increased safety- Increased quality of life- Faster customer response- More accurate data - Faster production times- Less stock required- Scrap/Trade-in Value at end of economic life- Scrap/Trade-in Value of current equipmentSecret #4. Analyze the Data Now that you have collected the data and have converted it to dollars, it's time to evaluate each viable option using a systematic method.There is a proven, tested method called Cost Benefit Analysis, which is the tool of choice for these kinds of decisions. It can be used effectively for asset replacement decisions as well as funding choices. Big business and governments around the world use it. The US government is a big user of this technique. In fact, it has legislated, federally, that this method be used when making decisions regarding funding to various major programs. This method allows you to weigh up the relative costs and benefits of competing proposals, showing you which option is the most profitable, least costly or provides the greatest net benefit.There are certain rules that need to be adhered to so that the final decision can be understood and acted upon. You can find the link to a site offering this proven method at the end of this article or in the Author Profile. Secret #5. Make The DecisionBased on the Cost Benefit Analysis results produced above, there should be a clear answer as to the best way forward - provided all the processes were completed correctly.You can be confident that this is the best financial decision, given the information at hand and the assumptions underlying the analysis.Secret #6. Sell the Decision, Once the decision is made it needs to be communicated, since others will need to know. Some groups who may need to know and be convinced that your decision is in their best interests are:- Employees- Board members- The press- Customers- Suppliers- The owners- Special interest groupsSince you used a tested, proven system to make the decision it makes it easier to convince these groups of the correctness of your decision - saving you time and effort. Secret #7. Review the DecisionA year after the decision has been made, communicated to stakeholders and implemented it is time to go back and review the decision. This is often referred to as a Post Completion Review. Some areas of review are listed below:- Assumptions - were they correct?- Costs - did the actual costs of purchase, installation and operation equal the assumed costs in the proposal?- Were there other costs involved that were not planned for originally?- Benefits - did they eventuate? Were they in line with the initial assumptions?- Were there any problems in implementation not foreseen in the proposal?- Did the decision and implementation involve all the people who could add value?Secret #8. Learn the LessonsOnce the questions above have answers there will be lessons that can be learned from the experience. Lessons such as:- We need to include all of the costs next time - some critical ones were missed- Some of the benefits did not eventuate - we were not careful enough to think through how these would be created- Some critical staff members were left out of the decision-making process, but could have assisted to make the process less costly and run more smoothly- The process of cost benefit analysis has taught us to think more critically about important financial decisions Secret #9. Apply the LessonsSo that the errors or mistakes in this proposal are not transferred on to the next proposal, the lessons above need to be applied. Some ways this can occur are as follows:- Hold meetings at executive level where the Post Completion Reviews and the lessons learned are discussed.- Use the company newsletter to discuss how future decisions will be conducted based on the lessons learned.- Make senior managers accountable for their financial decisions; make part of their salary contingent upon their decision performance.- Establish a company-wide culture of making good financial decisions using tools that can positively produce the best outcomes. This is but a short summary of a very expansive topic. It is hoped that this article will provide a springboard for you to begin making better decisions - maybe as early as today.
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Avian Flu Crisis BMO Nesbitt Burns Economic Update
Avian flu is spreading rapidly in the bird population, but it is still extremely difficult for humans to become infected. According to Dr. Sherry Cooper, Chief Economist, BMO Nesbitt Burns, there is a good deal of misinformation triggering unnecessary fear and economic cost. Human infection generally requires direct exposure to sick or dead poultry. This is most likely in areas where backyard birds live in close contact with people - generally in parts of Asia, Africa and the Middle East. A human H5N1 pandemic, if it were to occur, would likely be triggered in the emerging world, rather than in Europe or North America. In her report titled The Avian Flu Crisis: An Economic Update, Dr. Cooper explains that, unlike other natural disasters or terrorism, pandemics are prolonged and pervasive, so the net economic loss is substantial and extended. She states that an avian flu pandemic would lead to considerable supply and demand effects. Widespread absenteeism and trade disruption would dominate the supply-side effect, and social distancing and fear would initially increase the demand for essentials such as non-perishable food, water, medical supplies and health-care services, but reduce the demand for virtually everything else. Global health-care systems would be running beyond surge capacity. Shortages of key medical equipment, supplies and trained personnel would be likely. And we could suffer prolonged outages of power and utilities and disruptions in government services. Preparation is the key to managing such debilitation, says Dr. Cooper. "Government, business, individuals and public health offices must further refine and develop continuity and preparedness plans and test and retest these plans as well as revise them as the situation changes," she urges. Dr. Cooper explains that global economic interdependencies and the importance of China in commodity markets and in exports of low-priced goods increase the potential for economic disruption from a human pandemic. So does the prodigious volume of international trade and travel. Supply chains are now global and inventories are managed on a just-in-time basis. Dr. Cooper suggests that the meaningful economic slowdown in Asia that would result from pandemic would markedly reduce the demand for commodities and industrial materials, driving prices downward. This would have a particularly negative impact on commodity-producing countries like Canada. People cannot contract H5N1 by eating fully cooked chicken and poultry products. Nevertheless, according to Dr. Cooper, the poultry industry is already taking a big hit, especially in Europe. Knock-on effects will manifest for industries including poultry-feed growers, poultry processors, grocers, and restaurants, especially those specializing in chicken. In the US, the US$30 bln poultry industry has already suffered, as exports dropped 28% in December and there are concerns that a steeper drop is forthcoming. In addition to the poultry industry and its ancillary businesses, immediate losers would be tourism, travel and transport sectors, the hospitality industry, public transportation, life and health insurers, theatres, casinos, sports facilities, spectator sports, religious facilities, convention halls, restaurants, retailers of nonessential goods, and providers of nonessential services or those that could directly spread disease such as dentists and hairdressers. Dr. Cooper's economic model predicts that a mild pandemic would reduce annual global GDP growth by 2 percentage points from what it would otherwise be. A severe pandemic, similar to the 1918 Spanish flu, would reduce global GDP growth by 6 percentage points (again, from prevailing growth rates). She considers the results to be "low-ball" global estimates as the economic model assumes all countries are impacted equally. Most likely, the number of countries suffering more than the US will probably be larger than the number of countries faring better - but even that is uncertain. If there were a cytokine storm (as in the severe flu virus of 1918), where the immune system attacks not only the virus but damages internal organs and tissue, pregnant women and 15-to-40 year olds would suffer the highest case fatality rate. Dr. Cooper notes many experts suggest that modern health systems cannot handle acute cases of a cytokine storm today much more effectively than they could in 1918, even in fully equipped and fully staffed modern intensive care units. "The hardest hit group would be the young, most productive and reproductive members of the population," says Dr. Cooper. This would have a lasting impact by reducing birth rates and aging an already aged population, exacerbating economic underperformance for years to come, and increasing already excessive demands on pensions and the health-care system. No one can accurately predict the characteristics of the particular mutated virus strain that would cause the pandemic or how these characteristics would evolve over time. "It's important to know, though, that even with a severe pandemic, roughly 99% of the world's population would survive, and travel and trade would recommence as economic activity rebounds." concludes Dr. Cooper. About: BMO Nesbitt Burns is a leading full-service investment firm offering corporate, institutional and government clients access to a broad range of products and services including investment and corporate banking, treasury services, market risk management, institutional investing and research. BMO Nesbitt Burns is a member of BMO Financial Group (TSX, NYSE: BMO).
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Is Safelist Marketing Challenging?
Start like this: find a challenge in it and promise yourself you will not be defeated by something you can control. Take all of the efforts into consideration and map out how you are going to master a technique that produces for your efforts daily. In all of your efforts begin knowing that you will prevail. Now do everything you are going to discover in this article and be tasking daily. Remember you are not going to allow anything you can control defeat your efforts.We all know that Safelist can be a hard nut to crack. All of the methods that are utilized here are going to show you how to meet this challenge with the same force that presents itself to you. You see there are so many Safelists on the net and it seems they are there taking up space wasting time for on line marketers that use them. Well this is where you are going to take the quantity of safelist and turn them into a productive way you earn generate and develop for you.Challenge presented by safelist and cracking the quantity for advantage is now in process. First let's look at the large number of safelist you have to defeat or turn into assets for your efforts. Well the numbers are actually your advantage at this point because if you think about it if you can crack the nut and end up with membership to over 2000 safelist in one Automatic Safelist E-mailer that challenge is to an advantage by you. Wow I know you thought you were defeated by the numbers and that safelist are just all over the net and being in the way of you progressing from them. No that is not the way it is. The reality of safelist marketing is the fact that there is more potential prospect in the safelist marketing arena than you are going to find on line marketing arena. That means that you actually have access to the marketers in the safelist marketing area with out worrying about all the complaints you get even when you use permission based e-mail marketing. That means you can advertise to more on line marketers by using a method devised for safelist than you can by just sending normal e-mail.Since you are meeting a challenge let's look at what you have conquered so far. Since you know that you have to meet the numbers with numbers you need to have memberships to a big number of safelist. You have a place where you can join over 2000 safelist to defeat the challenge of quantity of safelist. You are going to have the advantage because you can gain membership with one click from the Automatic Safelist E-mail Blaster. Your real advantage comes from the fact you are operating this software right from our desk top. So now that it is becoming less of a challenge it is essential we start to focus on how to start earning cash generating leads and developing constant traffic.Now earning generating and developing becomes major focus since you have all of the safelist memberships aside. First allow details to get this entire effort and as you can see it is an Automated Process. If you did not see allow this detailed description of the safelist marketing Automatic E-mail Blaster tell you why it is so beneficial. First of all you already know you can join over 2Thousand Safelists right from the safelist marketing tool. This is an easy task and the most time consuming. Yes you are going to have at least 30 minutes to an hour to set this up but it is well worth the time. The effectiveness of membership to all of these safelist allows you to set it and watch it produce.Now the process for the joining all the safelist is completes every other element of set-up is a cake walk. You now validate every one of the safelist simply by one-click and Automatic validation process begins with the e-mail you used for sign-up and contact. These safelist are all joined and ready to be utilized for the earning generating and developing process.In this next paragraph use some creativity to allow this method to work. Now is the realty of utilizing safelist for the results you can call your methods of defeating Safelists negatives? This takes your open mind and thoughts about the things you can advertise to over 2000 safelist and get a response from what you advertise. The ways you want this to develop have an advertisement to the Safelists that will "benefit" safelist marketers "efforts marketing on safelist". This leads to another feature of the Automatic Safelist E-mail Blaster. Now you are thinking about what to send to safelist marketers. Here you can discover you can sell something beneficial to the safelist marketers that will help them to do their job marketing to Safelists easier. When you get the Automation into your safelist efforts you will have the ability to schedule your message for posting to safelist. With theAutomatic mailer being discussed in this e-mail it is easy and that entire wondering if your advertisement is going out you control that element of Automation here and now.Here are some things your can promote to the safelist market: Ezine Newsletters your squeeze pages any thing you have an Opt-in Form on is an effective way to advertise to Safelists. If you can get an e-mail and name you are promoting the right way to Safelists. You are not going to sell from your Web site to safelist you are only utilizing this method of on line marketing to gain positives in your network.You can write your advertisement schedule it to go out to all or to as many safelist you want too. You even can store this message in your Automatic mailer and think of other important advertisements to Safelists to send or save.This essential in a successful Safelist marketing campaign. These are samples of what to expect from following researched evaluated and proven safelist marketing techniques. While you are finding things you to promote to safelist take this tip to heart: Never try to sell an Affiliate program or product to safelist. If you subscribe to the Submitters Blasters & Safelist Newsletter the detailed Issue will give you every offer possible to safelist that is going to generate some sort of action. This is all from the time taken to make your efforts building a safelist marketing program of your own to produce effective results. These are features of the main element of this Safelist marketing System the way the system is effective comes from efforts made mainly tracking every advertisement and evaluating every technique. The Automatic E-mail Blaster is a vital element of this System. In this article the reality of some of the Automatic E-mailer for Safelists features revealed allowing you to understand it is possible for any one to have an effective Safelist marketing program. Only by following the instructions from research in order for anyone to jump right in and start a very productive safelist marketing campaign. The way you implement the methods and other elements of the material supplied to you is all for you to add creativity too. No one can take away positives you contribute to you're own effort. Know that what ever you do always do it on a consistent basis when dealing with Safelist marketing.Here is a lay-out of what you are going to have that no other Safelist marketing System can give you. You are only going to spend one time and you won't ever need to buy anything other than the purchases you decide you may need. So here it is all true things that make this system what it is:* Big Deal Automatic Blaster * Safelist Blasters & Submitters Newsletter Part I & II* Your Creative Consistent Effort* Finally a Commitment to Track Every Advertisement no Matter What.Now these are the essentials and the best material on the net is going to come from here and your input. Do all of these things get into every issue? The Newsletter has an offer for Subscribing. They have a Site submitter they "give" every one that Subscribes. RP Marketing's Site Submitter has Free Submissions to over 200 Search Engines. The have another Submission inside of the New Tool that allows over 2 million Submissions to other Safelists. The gift RP Marketing is giving for Subscribing to they're Newsletter is worth an e-mail and a name.When the author thought of writing this article he had just got off of Skype and was on a high note. The person on the other end was one of Internet's veteran marketers. The conversation lasted about 30 minutes. The things in the chat drove the author to Focus on improving the way he communicates with his Internet opportunities. Grow and look for a stronger presentation. Look for more ways to assist others and pay more attention to the Big Picture.
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Reprinting Articles: 10 Smart Strategies to Sidestep the Duplicate Content Debate
The popularity of writing articles to market everything and anything online has never been greater -- and shows no sign of slowing down anytime soon.Some article marketers throw caution to the wind and blast their articles out to hundreds of article directory sites using article submission software. Other article marketers manually submit articles to just one or a few article directory sites out of fear of triggering search engine duplicate content filters. The majority of article marketers fall somewhere in between.As article marketers and SEO (Search Engine Optimization) experts debate the merit of submitting articles to multiple article directories, webmasters continue to pick up reprintable articles and content for use on their sites. These free reprint articles give webmasters the opportunity to keep their sites fresh and provide their visitors with quality content.The paradox of article marketing is that this viral spread of articles through the process of making them available for free reprinting is precisely the objective of most article marketers.Certainly, for standard article directories that lack customization and use identical content management systems, and for those sites created using automatically scraped content, the devaluing of duplicate content by search engines can be a genuine concern.Smart webmasters, however, who use reprint content recognize that SERPS (Search Engine Results Pages) rank pages, not articles. With that in mind, here are 10 smart strategies savvy webmasters can adopt when using free reprint articles to create a win-win for everyone.Article Reprint Strategy #1: Be selective and choose quality articles for reprinting.Become familiar with authors who produce quality content. Avoid PLR (Private Label Rights) articles submitted by multiple authors, with or without rewriting. Also, avoid articles produced by article spinner software that generates multiple variations of a single article.Behind the Page -- Customizing Reprint ContentHaving selected appropriate quality content, webmasters can move on to make changes behind the scenes, in the source code of the page the article will appear on. Taking charge of the content of the metatags of the page can help to make the presentation of the article unique.Article Reprint Strategy #2: Change up the keywords listed in the keyword metatag.Reduce or increase the number of keywords used, or select different, relevant keywords to highlight.Article Reprint Strategy #3: Use a unique page title.Do not use either the page title used by the article directory or the article's title as the title for the page where the article is to be reprinted.Giving the article page a distinctive title gives the page a chance to stand out on those SERPS that display the page title as the heading for the search result. More importantly, using a different title will help the page to appear unique rather than as yet another reprint.Article Reprint Strategy #4: Write a custom description for the page.Avoid using either the summary provided by the author or the first sentences of the article for the page meta-description. Like the article title, using the existing summary simply announces that the article is reprinted content. Writing a new description for the page provides added control over the keywords the page competes to rank for. Also, for the search engines that use the page description in their SERPS, the new description can be written to persuade searchers to click to the article page.On the Page -- Custom Reprint Content PresentationSmart webmasters go farther and customize the presentation of the reprint article on the page by adopting style and layout tactics used by print magazines for decades.Article Reprint Strategy #5: Write an original introduction or summary to place before the article on the page.Not only can an original introductory text box lure a reader into the article, just as in print publications, it can also provide another opportunity to control the specific keywords that the article page targets, partly by pushing the reprinted article farther down the page.Article Reprint Strategy #6: Add original page headlines and/or subheads.Webmasters can add original headlines and sub-headings to direct the visitor's eye path and experience on the article page and to control on-page keyword targeting.Article Reprint Strategy #7: Use call-outs.Do as print magazines and newspapers do, and pick out a memorable or intriguing quote from the article itself. Copy that quote into a text box in a larger font to emphasize it. This can be a powerful tactic both to draw readers into the article and to emphasize target keywords.Article Reprint Strategy #8: Add sidebars with short fillers of original content.Like print magazines, webmasters can use this technique to add value to the reader experience by adding tips, short lists, product information, quick statistics, or any other relevant information. It is also another opportunity to add keywords.Article Reprint Strategy #9: Interrupt articles, breaking them up into sections.Add text boxes with related content or relevant advertising part way into the article. Print magazines regularly use this "continued on" technique. On a web page, such text blocks can break up a single page into sections. The can provide the opportunity to highlight other information or advertising while providing yet another opportunity to target desired keywords.Article Reprint Strategy #10: Add related content below the article.Added content could be as simple as a short list of links to related pages or articles. It can be visitor comments. It can also be a spotlight on a relevant product. Anything that follows naturally from the content of the article and adds value to the visitor is a good candidate. This kind of material can lead visitors to the next destination and provides even more keyword content for search engine optimization.Winning the Reprint GamePutting a bit of effort into customizing the presentation of reprinted articles multiplies the benefit of using them and creates a win for everyone.The author/article marketer wins when the article is picked up by a webmaster who presents the article effectively to readers and search engines. The article directory wins when their crediting link is found on a well-presented page. The webmaster who reprints the article wins by offering quality content to visitors and by using articles for more effective SEO.Finally, the visitor wins by finding quality content presented in a meaningful way. Even if a visitor discovers that they have encountered the article before, on another website, the custom elements of the presentation can still provide new value to their surfing experience. (c)2007 Wendy MakiMay be reprinted in email newsletters and on web sites. Must be unedited and include the resource box. All other rights reserved.
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7 Things Every Webmaster Should Know About Links
Link building in a nutshell, is the process of getting other web sites and web pages to link to your web site. These links will not only drive direct targeted traffic to your pages; but more importantly will increase your overall search engine visibility and rankings. Building a solid incoming linking structure for your site is one of the most effective techniques used by search engine optimization professionals to improve your search engine rankings and boost the overall amount of traffic any given web page receives. However the process of building incoming links to your site can be a daunting and tedious task when just getting started. The purpose of this essay is to outline the importance of building a strong linking profile for your site as well as offer a handful of key strategies that any webmaster regardless of marketing budget can employ to climb to the top of the search engine ladder.» 1.) Purchasing Links & Sponsored ReviewsPaying other web masters to place a link on their site back to yours is probably the easiest and most straight forward way to generate links to your site. However the down-side of purchasing or renting links from other web masters is that it can become a very expensive venture, not to mention you need to pick and choose your potential candidates vary carefully. There are many services out there to help connect you with other web masters that are interested in selling links from their web pages, however you will save yourself a lot of time, and money by working directly with other web masters as apposed to paying a middle man to act as a link broker. Unfortunately there is no set standard on determining what any given link is worth: however you should pay careful attention to a few key factors before cracking open your wallet and spending your hard earned money on a paid link. These things include but are not limited to the number of incoming links the candidate site itself has, it's overall page rank, the age of the site and finally the search engine saturation (number of pages indexed in the major search engines) of the site. When approaching a web master to purchase links from make your goals as clear as day - and ensure that he or she knows you're interested in purchasing a link for Search Engine Optimization reasons. You need to ensure the link will not be cloaked (hidden from search engine spiders) or nofollowed (marked to inform search engines not to follow the link with the rel="nofollow" attribute) as either of these conditions will make the link relatively worthless from an SEO stand point.» 2.) Comment and Post on Related Blogs & Message BoardsEven a web novice can find a litany of blogs and message boards for any given niche or market to post comments and feed back . I strongly encourage you to register on message boards related to your topic or subject and include links within the signature of your posts and messages. The same goes for blogs and commenting. There are many blogs that will allow you to include a link back to your site either within the content of your message, or make your user name a clickable link back to your site. However there is a fine line between spamming and offering valid comments, posts and responses to community based web sites and blogs. Making obvious spam posts such as "Cool site, check my site out at ..." will likely get your IP address banned from the web site or network, and can negatively impact the reputation of your brand or web site. If you don't have a valuable view point, or comment to offer other readers of the site you're posting on, you're better off not commenting at all.» 3.) Write User Testimonials & Product ReviewsWriting user reviews or testimonials is an under appreciated technique to create a wealth of back links to your site. Most often when you write a review for a product or service you've had success with, the web master will include a link back to your site in the signature of the review. This technique is simple and straight forward; if you've purchased a product or service write up a short 100 - 300 word review for the product outlining it's strengths and your positive experiences and include your full name, and web site address in the signature of the review. Nine out of ten times the web master of the site you've written the testimonial for will be more than happy to include and activate the link when they post the review onto their website. » 4.) Develop a Free Online Service or Software ApplicationMost people wouldn't even consider spending their valuable time developing an application or online utility to give away for free. However the benefits of creating and distributing a free online utility or software application can create several 1,000 back links to your site very quickly. A perfect example of this is creating a small, easy to use Mortgage Calculator with javascript and offer the code to embed the Mortgage Calculator onto other web pages. Include a link back to your site within the coding of the Mortgage Calculator perhaps in a copyright statement at the bottom of the application and require the link as a condition for using your free application.» 5.) Write Articles and Distribute Them OnlineAssuming this isn't the first essay you've read on improving the amount of links to your web site, you should be well aware that writing articles and submitting your articles to the popular article directories is a fantastic way to generate many back links to your web site. The premise is simple yet effective; Write a handful of articles geared toward your topic and subject matter and distribute them to the many article directories on the Internet. Often times when your article is posted on these article directory sites they will include an authors bio, or resource box. Within the authors bio area you want to include a little information about your company or product(s) as well as a link back to your site. Whenever your article is picked up by other web masters or syndicated across other popular web sites you will receive a free one way link back to your site. Repeat these steps over and over to build several 1,000 links back to your web site. This is an amazing technique as your only investment is a little time to write and submit an article.» 6.) Submit Your Site to DirectoriesOver the past few years links from directories or web indexes has become less and less valuable. However there are still a handful of well trusted and high quality directories that you should consider submitting your site to. This will boost both your linking profile, as well as your page and trust rank. Some of the most notable directories to submit your web site to in no particular order are DMOZ, The Yahoo! Business Directory, JoeAnt, Gimpsy, GoGuides, Linkopedia and Uncoverthenet. Though most of the directories l've mentioned here are not free to submit to, the cost of submission is well worth the price as the links you'll receive from this investment are quality one-way links that carry a good amount of page trust and rank. When submitting your site to any of these directories, pay special attention to the category you are submitting your web address to, make sure that you are submitting your site to the most relevant, and related topic to the subject of your own web site. As this will ensure that you're submission is not denied, or skipped by the directory editors once it gets reviewed.» 7.) Exchange Links and Build PartnershipsLink exchanges or trading links with other web masters is another technique that has lost a little of it's gusto over the years, however this method of generating back links does still hold a bit of value and should not be overlooked. Many webmasters dedicate a page of their site titled references or resources and use this page to link out to other web pages that have agreed to link back to their site. As mentioned above this technique is not as effective as it once was; however picking and choosing web sites that are well trusted and ranked by the search engines and that are related to the topic and subject mater of your own site promise to be well worth the effort. Finding other web sites that are prime candidates to exchange links with are those that are linking out to other relevant sites in your field or niche. Once you've found a web site that you'd be interested in swapping links with, contact the web master via email with your offer. When soliciting another web master for a link you want to write a personal email message and refer to specific content and aspects of his or her web site. Doing so will show the prospective linking partner that you've actually taken the time to give their site the once over before sending your solicitation; as a result you will be far more likely to receive a positive reply. As with purchasing paid links you want to ensure that the site you are requesting to exchange links with doesn't end up cloaking it's outbound links (hidden from search engine spiders) or nofollowed (marked to inform search engines not to follow the link with the rel="nofollow" attribute) as either of these conditions will make your link relatively worthless from an SEO stand point. In this article we've discussed 7 of the most effective, and commonly used methods to generate a massive amount of incoming links to your web site. With any luck, after reading this article you should have a handful of ideas and techniques in your tool box that you can employ to kick-start your web site's model for success. Building links to your web site is by no means a 'set-it and forget-it' facet of web marketing and requires time, dedication and ongoing analysis. You can never have too many quality incoming links to your site and once you've had a small taste of success with link building I'm confident you'll be hungry for more.
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Source: Free Articles
http://www.lakyo.com
http://anuchpsc.blogspot.com
http://yosaa.blogspot.com
http://www.fslinux.com
"Can I Save the World?" Easy Solutions to Global Warming at our Fingertips
With so much information out there about global warming and the effects that are causing natural disasters, is there anything we as individuals can do to make a difference? Yep! You don't need to move mountains, but a small pebble can really make ripples that can create positive changes world wide. Here's a few "pebbles" you can use today!We all feel we have a purpose in life. As more of us become aware of the damaging effects of global warming, we are also concerned about practical solutions to the problem. Most importantly, how can we fit in as part of the solution, instead of the problem?Unfortunately, many of us become overwhelmed when we watch the ever-increasing natural disasters and it starts to feel like the world is crashing around us. I remember watching the plane hit the World Trade Center over and over and over again. I remember being completely paralyzed to the television. Sleep was optional, but only in between important news breaks. I felt helpless. I wanted to understand the reasoning behind the attacks to ease my fears of possible future attacks, but I mainly wanted a sense of control back into my life.I do not like to focus on the doom of global warming because that's not the best mindset for me to find solutions and implement actions. I truly believe we all can make a difference in our lives, in the lives of our families, friends and community. I also am a firm believer that every single action taken produces a ripple effect throughout the world. When we take a simple action such as changing a light bulb to a compact fluorescent bulb, a positive motion is set in place. Just for fun, let's see what can happen: (this will show how the action affects others)o That old bulb in the living finally goes out. You go to your local hardware store and see miles of shelves of light bulbs! OY! (production of CFL bulbs)o Someone comes over to help and maybe suggest a CFL. "A what?" you ask. The assistant tells you that even though the bulb is more expensive than a basic tungsten bulb, it will last years longer, it will not burn hot, uses way less energy, thus saving you money every month AND prevents the release of more than 450 pounds of emission from a power plant normally used to light the old style bulbs into the air! (increased sales and more potential advertisement of a green product, decreased amount of carbons released into the atmosphere)o You read the advertisement and glimpse the familiar EnergyStar sign. So, you think, "Why not!" (increased awareness of a great program)o You go home and your kids ask you about the funny looking bulb. (educates the kids and tell their friends how smart their parents are!)o Your friends come over for dinner and recognize the bulb, but never really considered buying one until now. (increased awareness through word-of mouth [extremely powerful!!!] and more potential sales, advertisement, decreased emissions)o You get the electric bill the next month and notice you really did use less electricity AND saved a little money. ($$$)o You go to buy more CFL bulbs and realize the prices dropped a bit due to increased sales! (supply and demand of a product that improves our world)That's just for changing one bulb! Just one action really can make an impact. Just because we do not always see the immediate results don't mean they aren't there!So what are the best solutions of global warming? Can we help save the world? Yep. I would first suggest do whatever feels right for you. The level of comfort will be different for everyone. To me, it can be summed up as: AWARENESS and ACTION AWARENESSMy first exposure to environmental issues came about while working at Home Depot. I watch as a person chained himself to our lumber shelves and awaited the local police. His actions, maybe a bit extreme to some, created awareness to the customers, Home Depot and the media. Many of those same actions ultimately changed the way Home Depot purchased and sold lumber.For me, my level of comfort was turning off the lights. The more I learned, the more I did to help the environment. Learning about basic, easy-to-do home repairs really made a difference and increased my confidence as well as the confidence of my customers. Now, years later, I must say living in Thailand has taught me a lot about saving energy as well as joining together for what you believe in. I've seen Thais go to the employment office and march because wages were too low. I have witnessed the ousting of a political figure because the Thais felt betrayed. I have greater respect for Thais and for others I've met from different countries. Their views and actions have taught me so much about global warming. I also have greater appreciation for our abilities as Americans to make changes worldwide. So to further answer people's question - "What are the best solutions to global warming?" My suggestions are all easy to do, but the main factor lies with what is comfortable for you. If I am given a great idea, but is too time-intensive, I probably won't do it. But if it's as easy as hitting the enter key, now you got my attention!Ok. We are much more aware of what's going on. We understand we have a problem. Now what?ACTIONI started with small steps. As I learned more, I found the bigger steps easier than I realized. I discussed my views with others and listened to their ideas. My friends in Alabama recently installed solar heaters and a tankless water heater. Businesses are seeing the advantages of doing the right thing and stepping up their environmental cleaning efforts People from all walks of life have created petitions requesting a more proactive government. Even the 2008 Presidential Candidates are listening. Many are now including global warming as their primary issue. Need some ideas to get your creative green juices flowing? OK! Here you go! Enjoy!o Get the family involved - make it fun and educational. o Make it a project during your child's science fair. o Chat with your friends - they may have some unique ideas. o Add a signature tag to your emails. I have a personal account with Yahoo. Whenever I send someone an email, my signature message or quote is at the end of the page. I create the signature once and forget about it. If you see a quote you like or have a message to share with others - signature it! o Find out what tax incentives or refunds are available to you, i.e. hybrid car tax incentives, toilet replacement rebates, deduct the costs of energy-saving appliances and energy renovations in your home. o Support greener businesses. Our money dictates what businesses sell. Our support encourages businesses to continue doing the right thing. o Want to invest in the stock market? What companies are moving forward in clean-up? Researching new technologies? Contributing portions of their profits to support environmental organizations? o Vote. What candidates are fighting for positive changes in the environment? Who seems to be making global warming a primary focus in their campaign? How does the candidate balance global warming and the economy? Does the candidate understand the threat and what solutions does he or she offer? o Join others online and become a part of something bigger. In the past, petitions involved going door-to-door or standing near the mall entrance. Thanks to the internet, a letter to Congress has never been easier - or more effective! Read the letter already prepared. If you agree with it, type your name and hit ENTER ! o Submit your ideas to websites. I would love input from you! Your ideas can be just what someone else needed! Many websites would also benefit from your thoughts and appreciate the communication! o Start a discussion group in your community. Barnes and Noble or Borders are excellent meetings spots. It's a great way to meet others and bounce around ideas. o Help improve your neighborhood. In Tampa, there's a wonderful community group that has a Project Lottery. Each participant chooses a project they need completed on their house. A name is pulled every month. The neighbors spend one weekend on the project. The lucky owner provides drinks and snacks to the neighbors volunteering. o Create a website of your own! Everyone has a voice. Today, websites are effective communicators and very inexpensive. Get the kids or the community involved. Let your voice be heard too!
Source: Free Articles
http://www.lakyo.com
http://anuchpsc.blogspot.com
http://yosaa.blogspot.com
http://www.fslinux.com
Source: Free Articles
http://www.lakyo.com
http://anuchpsc.blogspot.com
http://yosaa.blogspot.com
http://www.fslinux.com
"Can I Save the World?" Easy Solutions to Global Warming at our Fingertips
With so much information out there about global warming and the effects that are causing natural disasters, is there anything we as individuals can do to make a difference? Yep! You don't need to move mountains, but a small pebble can really make ripples that can create positive changes world wide. Here's a few "pebbles" you can use today!We all feel we have a purpose in life. As more of us become aware of the damaging effects of global warming, we are also concerned about practical solutions to the problem. Most importantly, how can we fit in as part of the solution, instead of the problem?Unfortunately, many of us become overwhelmed when we watch the ever-increasing natural disasters and it starts to feel like the world is crashing around us. I remember watching the plane hit the World Trade Center over and over and over again. I remember being completely paralyzed to the television. Sleep was optional, but only in between important news breaks. I felt helpless. I wanted to understand the reasoning behind the attacks to ease my fears of possible future attacks, but I mainly wanted a sense of control back into my life.I do not like to focus on the doom of global warming because that's not the best mindset for me to find solutions and implement actions. I truly believe we all can make a difference in our lives, in the lives of our families, friends and community. I also am a firm believer that every single action taken produces a ripple effect throughout the world. When we take a simple action such as changing a light bulb to a compact fluorescent bulb, a positive motion is set in place. Just for fun, let's see what can happen: (this will show how the action affects others)o That old bulb in the living finally goes out. You go to your local hardware store and see miles of shelves of light bulbs! OY! (production of CFL bulbs)o Someone comes over to help and maybe suggest a CFL. "A what?" you ask. The assistant tells you that even though the bulb is more expensive than a basic tungsten bulb, it will last years longer, it will not burn hot, uses way less energy, thus saving you money every month AND prevents the release of more than 450 pounds of emission from a power plant normally used to light the old style bulbs into the air! (increased sales and more potential advertisement of a green product, decreased amount of carbons released into the atmosphere)o You read the advertisement and glimpse the familiar EnergyStar sign. So, you think, "Why not!" (increased awareness of a great program)o You go home and your kids ask you about the funny looking bulb. (educates the kids and tell their friends how smart their parents are!)o Your friends come over for dinner and recognize the bulb, but never really considered buying one until now. (increased awareness through word-of mouth [extremely powerful!!!] and more potential sales, advertisement, decreased emissions)o You get the electric bill the next month and notice you really did use less electricity AND saved a little money. ($$$)o You go to buy more CFL bulbs and realize the prices dropped a bit due to increased sales! (supply and demand of a product that improves our world)That's just for changing one bulb! Just one action really can make an impact. Just because we do not always see the immediate results don't mean they aren't there!So what are the best solutions of global warming? Can we help save the world? Yep. I would first suggest do whatever feels right for you. The level of comfort will be different for everyone. To me, it can be summed up as: AWARENESS and ACTION AWARENESSMy first exposure to environmental issues came about while working at Home Depot. I watch as a person chained himself to our lumber shelves and awaited the local police. His actions, maybe a bit extreme to some, created awareness to the customers, Home Depot and the media. Many of those same actions ultimately changed the way Home Depot purchased and sold lumber.For me, my level of comfort was turning off the lights. The more I learned, the more I did to help the environment. Learning about basic, easy-to-do home repairs really made a difference and increased my confidence as well as the confidence of my customers. Now, years later, I must say living in Thailand has taught me a lot about saving energy as well as joining together for what you believe in. I've seen Thais go to the employment office and march because wages were too low. I have witnessed the ousting of a political figure because the Thais felt betrayed. I have greater respect for Thais and for others I've met from different countries. Their views and actions have taught me so much about global warming. I also have greater appreciation for our abilities as Americans to make changes worldwide. So to further answer people's question - "What are the best solutions to global warming?" My suggestions are all easy to do, but the main factor lies with what is comfortable for you. If I am given a great idea, but is too time-intensive, I probably won't do it. But if it's as easy as hitting the enter key, now you got my attention!Ok. We are much more aware of what's going on. We understand we have a problem. Now what?ACTIONI started with small steps. As I learned more, I found the bigger steps easier than I realized. I discussed my views with others and listened to their ideas. My friends in Alabama recently installed solar heaters and a tankless water heater. Businesses are seeing the advantages of doing the right thing and stepping up their environmental cleaning efforts People from all walks of life have created petitions requesting a more proactive government. Even the 2008 Presidential Candidates are listening. Many are now including global warming as their primary issue. Need some ideas to get your creative green juices flowing? OK! Here you go! Enjoy!o Get the family involved - make it fun and educational. o Make it a project during your child's science fair. o Chat with your friends - they may have some unique ideas. o Add a signature tag to your emails. I have a personal account with Yahoo. Whenever I send someone an email, my signature message or quote is at the end of the page. I create the signature once and forget about it. If you see a quote you like or have a message to share with others - signature it! o Find out what tax incentives or refunds are available to you, i.e. hybrid car tax incentives, toilet replacement rebates, deduct the costs of energy-saving appliances and energy renovations in your home. o Support greener businesses. Our money dictates what businesses sell. Our support encourages businesses to continue doing the right thing. o Want to invest in the stock market? What companies are moving forward in clean-up? Researching new technologies? Contributing portions of their profits to support environmental organizations? o Vote. What candidates are fighting for positive changes in the environment? Who seems to be making global warming a primary focus in their campaign? How does the candidate balance global warming and the economy? Does the candidate understand the threat and what solutions does he or she offer? o Join others online and become a part of something bigger. In the past, petitions involved going door-to-door or standing near the mall entrance. Thanks to the internet, a letter to Congress has never been easier - or more effective! Read the letter already prepared. If you agree with it, type your name and hit ENTER ! o Submit your ideas to websites. I would love input from you! Your ideas can be just what someone else needed! Many websites would also benefit from your thoughts and appreciate the communication! o Start a discussion group in your community. Barnes and Noble or Borders are excellent meetings spots. It's a great way to meet others and bounce around ideas. o Help improve your neighborhood. In Tampa, there's a wonderful community group that has a Project Lottery. Each participant chooses a project they need completed on their house. A name is pulled every month. The neighbors spend one weekend on the project. The lucky owner provides drinks and snacks to the neighbors volunteering. o Create a website of your own! Everyone has a voice. Today, websites are effective communicators and very inexpensive. Get the kids or the community involved. Let your voice be heard too!
Source: Free Articles
http://www.lakyo.com
http://anuchpsc.blogspot.com
http://yosaa.blogspot.com
http://www.fslinux.com
Source: Free Articles
http://www.lakyo.com
http://anuchpsc.blogspot.com
http://yosaa.blogspot.com
http://www.fslinux.com
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